The Corkscrew App
Like a deflated balloon, historical fiction doesn't rise to its billing unless its plot and setting have been thoroughly researched. While their dialogue is fictitious, the historical characters in The Corkscrew App ---Washington, Braddock, Tanaghrisson---were studied using primary source documents to get as close to their thoughts and motivations as possible. Letters written by Washington, Braddock and other British officers were helpful in remaining as close to the actual events as possible. Other sources listed below, primary and secondary, gave insight to the food, clothing, language and medicine of the period.
Books:
Clary, David A.. George Washington’s First War: His Early Military Adventures. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Davis, Kenneth C.. America’s Hidden History: Untold Tales of the First Pilgrims, Fighting Women, and Forgotten Founders Who Shaped A Nation. New York: Smithsonian Books/Harper Collins, 2009.
James, Alfred Procter and Stotz, Charles Morse. Drums in the Forest: Decision at the Forks, Defense in the Wilderness. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
Regan, Geoffrey. The Brassey’s Book of Military Blunders. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2000.
Ruckman, Joseph. Recreating the American Longhunter, 1740-1790. Excelsior Springs, Mo.: Graphics/Fine Arts Press, 2000.
Tannenbaum, Rebecca. Health and Wellness in Colonial America. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing/ABC-CLIO LLC, 2012.
Utley, Robert M. and Washburn, Wilcomb E.. Indian Wars. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987.
Internet Sources:
“A Colonial Gentleman’s Clothing: A Glossary of Terms.” Colonial Williamsburg. http://www.history.org/history/clothing/men/mglossary.cfm Last accessed February 25, 2015.
Braddock’s March .org. Fort Cumberland at Wills Creek. http://www.fortedwards.org/braddock/sites/cbe.htm Last accessed December 8, 2015.
In Camp With General Braddock---April 16-17, 2005 in Winchester, Virginia A French & Indian War Living History Camp. http://www.fortedwards.org/braddock/april15c.htm Last accessed December 8, 2015.
British Battles.com. The Battle of the Monongahela---Braddock’s Defeat. http://www.britishbattles.com/braddock.htm Last accessed December 8, 2015.
National Archives. George Washington Letter to Robert Dinwiddie, 29 May, 1754. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0054 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
George Washington Letter to Joshua Fry, 23 May, 1754. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0051 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
George Washington Letter to Robert Dinwiddie, 10 June, 1754. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0066 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
George Washington Letter to John Robinson, 20 April, 1755. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0126 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
George Washington Letter to John Augustine Washington, 14 May, 1755. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0137 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
George Washington Letter to John Augustine Washington, 28 June, 1755. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0160 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
Felshin, Sue. Glossary of 18th Century Costume Terminology. http://people.csail.mit.edu/sfelshin/revwar/glossary.html Last accessed December 8, 2015,
Ferguson, Eric. How to Speak 19th Century. http://celticfringe.net/history/vocab.htm. Last accessed December 8, 2015.
Lynch, Jack. A Guide to Eighteenth Century English Vocabulary. April 14, 2006. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/C18Guide.pdf Last accessed December 8, 2015.
“Military Affairs in North America,1748-1765: selected documents from the Cumberland Papers in Windsor Castle,” Internet Archive. Letter from Colonel John St. Clair to Robert Napier, 13 June, 1755. http://archive.org/stream/militaryaffairsi00cumb/militaryaffairsi00cumb_djvu.txt Last accessed December 8, 2015.
National Park Service. Fort Necessity National Battlefield Pennsylvania. http://www.nps.gov/fone/index.htm Last accessed December 8, 2015.
Seven Years War. The 44th Foot. 2012. http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=44th_Foot Last accessed December 8, 2015.
The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources:1745-1799 Volume1. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. George Washington Letter to John Augustine Washington, 31 May, 1754. http://web.archive.org/web/20110218084726/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi01.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=48&division=div1 Last accessed December 8, 2015.
Other Sources:
Messner, Robert T. Braddock’s Battlefield History Center. 609 Sixth St., North Braddock, Pennsylvania.
American Brush-Off
The general plot of American Brush-Off is based upon the recorded history of German/German-American internment during World War II. The characters and incidents within the book were selected from various accounts presented in the resources listed below. The train ride to Crystal City, a distraught internee contemplating suicide, the role of the German Bund within the Crystal City camp--these events (and more) all occurred in some setting at some time during the internment period. They just didn't necessarily happen in the manner described in my book. I chose the episodes from my research that would help create the most interesting story for my readers.
Print Sources:
Estlack, Robert W.. Shattered Lives, Shattered Dreams: The Disrupted Lives of Families in American Internment Camps. Springville, Utah: Bonneville Books, 2011.
Jacobs, Arthur D.. The Prison Called Hohenasperg. Universal Publishers, 1999.
Russell, Jan Jarboe. The Train to Crystal City. New York: Scribner, 2015.
“Trade Off”. American History Magazine. Volume 49, #6, February, 2015.
Internet Sources:
4800 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. German-American Internee Coalition. https://gaic.info/internment-camps/temporary-detention-facilities/4800-ellis-avenue-chicago-illinois/ Last accessed December 26, 2019.
“Crystal City (detention facility)”. Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Crystal_City_(detention_facility)/ Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Crystal City, Texas Family Internment Camp. German-American Internee Coalition. https://gaic.info/internment-camps/u-s-department-of-justice-internment-facilities/crystal-city-texas-family-internment-camp/ Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Davis, Vincent T.. “Internment camp ball players part of Texas baseball history”. San Antonio Express-News. March 11, 2017. https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Internment-camp-ball-players-part-of-Texas-10993977.php Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Dietze, Caitlin T.. “Daily Life at Crystal City Internment Camp 1942-45”. University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. May 13, 2016. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3286&context=td Last accessed December 26, 2019.
“Eberhard Fuhr remembers life in a World War II internment camp”. Texas Public Radio. January 14, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5M1cZqvMrP4 Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Fuhr, Eberhard E.. The Fuhr Family Story: My Internment by the United States Government. German-American Internee Coalition: 2006. https://gaic.info/fuhr-story/ Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Historical Dictionary of American Slang, 1940-1950. https://www.alphadictionary.com/slang/?term=&beginEra=1940&endEra= 1950&clean=true&submitsend=Search Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Internee Records. German-American Internee Coalition. https://gaic.info/resources/internee-records/ Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Japanese, German and Italian American Enemy Alien Internment. Texas Historical Commission. March 31, 2017. https://www.thc.texas.gov/preserve/projects-and-programs/military-history/texas-world-war-ii/japanese-german-and-italian Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Krause, Kitry. “Dangerous Enemy Alien”. The Chicago Reader. September 2, 1993. https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/dangerous-enemy-alien/Content?oid=882682 Last accessed December 26, 2019.
Revelations from the Dead: Chronicles of the Night Waster
When I first heard of nineteenth century New England "vampires", I was intrigued. Long before Bram Stoker wrote Dracula and use of the term "vampire" was limited, there existed a belief that the dead could live off the living. For sure, the superstition was just that, and it reared its ugly head when desperation was at a fever pitch. 1837 was a desperate time for many. I used a number of resources to help reflect the superstitions and the effects concerning the disease consumption, as well as the social, economical and political forces impacting society of that era.
Print Sources:
Bell, Michael E.. Food For the Dead: On the Trail of New England’s Vampires. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
Brown, Alice Cooke. Early American Herb Recipes. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2001.
Clark, Christopher. The Diary of an Apprentice Cabinetmaker: Edward Jenner Carpenter’s ‘Journal’ 1844-45. Worchester, Massachusetts: American Antiquarian Society, 1988.
D’Agaostino, Thomas. A History of Vampires in New England. Charleston, S.C.: Haunted America/The History Press, 2010.
Desjardin, Thomas A.. Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold’s March to Quebec, 1775. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006.
Jameson, W.C.. Buried Treasures of New England. Little Rock, Arkansas: August HoKuse Publishers, Inc., 1998.
Tannenbaum, Rebecca S.. The Healer’s Calling: Women and Medicine in Early New England. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002.
Internet Sources:
Barcousky, Len. ”Eyewitness 1837: Financial panic dimmed economic light in Pittsburgh”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 19, 2009. https://www.post-gazette.com/local/community-eyewitness/2009/04/19/Eyewitness-1837-Financial-panic-dimmed-economic-light-in-Pittsburgh/stories/200904190195 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Calendar for the year 1837. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/?year=1837&country=1 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Ferguson, Eric. “How to Speak 19th Century; Early 19th Century Vocabulary”. A Strand of Celtic Fringe. http://celticfringe.net/history/vocab.html Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Food Timeline. “New England Boiled Dinner”. http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodmeats.html#newenglandboileddinner Last accessed September 1, 2020.
“How did the colonial American housewife bake her bread & cakes?” http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcolonial.html#colonialovens Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Halsall, Paul. Modern History Sourcebook: Harriet Robinson: Lowell Mill Girls. January 21, 2020. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robinson-lowell.asp Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Kelleher, Thomas. “The Debit Economy of 1830’s New England”. Teach US History. http://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/debit-economy-1830s-new-england Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Larkin, Jack. “Dining Out in the 1830’s”. 1999. Teach US History. http://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/dining-out-1830s Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Little, Becky. “The Bloody Truth About Vampires”. National Geographic Society. October 26, 2016. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/vampires-europe-new-england-halloween-history/ Last accessed September 1, 2020.
“Mary Paul Letters”, p.5 letter from December 21, 1845. Vermont Historical Society. https://vermonthistory.org/documents/transcriptions/paulletters.pdf Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Mingren, Wu. ”Nachzehrers: The Shroud Eating Vampires of Germanic Folklore”. Ancient Origins. June 1, 2016. https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/nachzehrers-shroud-eating-vampires-germanic-folklore-006010 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Nichols, Thomas Low. Forty Years of American Life. 1864. Eyewitness to History. “A Portrait of America ca. 1830”. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/america1830.htm Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Old Sturbridge Village: An 1830’s New England Living History Museum. OSV Documents.
Bassett, Lynne. “The Great Leap: Youths’ Clothing in the Early Nineteenth Century”. 1997. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=856 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Carpenter, Edward Jenner. “Edward Jenner Carpenter, Apprentice’s Diary”. 1844. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=126 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
“Historical Background on Mourning Rituals in Early 19th Century New England”. 2003. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=2043 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Holland, Jessica. “The Violin Haunted Me: Learning to Dance in a Small New England Village”. 1995. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=922 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Kelleher, Thomas. “Sounding Yankee I: Reflections on 19th-Century New England Speechways and How to Acquire Them.” Old Sturbridge Village: An 1830s New England Living History Museum. 2001. https://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=1976 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Nylander, Jane C.. “Notes on Early 19th Century Clothing”. 1980. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=796 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
White, Eric. “Interpreting Rites of Passage in the 1830’s”. 1994. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?DocID=595 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
White, Frank G.. “The Involuntary Legacy of Samuel Wing, Cabinetmaker/Chairmaker”. 1982. http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/._viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=1049 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Worchester (Mass.) Telegram. “Hair care of 1830’s on display at OSV”. January 31, 2008. https://www.telegram.com/article/20080131/ONTHECOMMON/801310328?template=ampart Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Parks, Roger N.. Roads and Travel in New England 1790-1840. 1967. Teach US History. http://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/roads-travel-new-england-1790-1840 Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Parlett, David. “Whist”, (August 8, 2019). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/whist Last accessed September 1, 2020.
“Religious Revivals and Revivalism in 1830s New England”. Teach US History. http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/religious-revivals-revivalism-1830s-new-england Last accessed September 1, 2020.
“The Mill Girls of Lowell”. National Parks Service. November 15, 2018. https://www.nps.gov/lowe/learn/historyculture/the-mill-girls-of-lowell.htm Last accessed September 1, 2020.
Zaroulis, Nancy. “The Lowell Mill Women” 2006.http://www.lowellmillwomen.com/about.html Last accessed September 1, 2020.
The Reformation of Nate Adare
The historical component of The Reformation of Nate Adare is limited to one, but vital, aspect of the plot. Therefore, the sources reflect history's minimal impact since most of the story takes place in the present. However, the concept of genetic memory plays a major role as the plot evolves. Coupled with Naomi Adare's debilitating Parkinson's disease, Nate's neurological disorders play a prominent role in this novella and are reflected in the lion's share of my resources.
Print Sources:
Boynton, Cynthia Wolf. Connecticut Witch Trials: The First Panic of the New World. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2014.
Internet Sources:
Bendici, Ray. “Witchcraft Trials: William Meeker”. Damned Connecticut. https://www.damnedct.com/william-meaker/ Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Gallagher, James. “Memories pass between generations”. BBC News, December 1, 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-25156510 Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Gilbert, Dr. Rebecca. “The Relationship Between Stress, Anxiety, and Parkinson’s Disease.” American Parkinson Disease Association. June 17, 2019. https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/stress-anxiety-parkinsons-disease/ Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Gillespie, Katherine. “Can We Access the Memories of Our Ancestors Through Our DNA?”. Vice, December 20, 2016. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ypv58j/genetic-memory Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Lambert, Edward R. History of the Colony of New Haven. New Haven, Ct. : Hitchcock and Stafford,1838. https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_the_Colony_of_New_Haven/K3sFAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Mayo Clinic. “Nightmare Disorder”. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nightmare-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353515 Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Melinowsky, Christopher (medical reviewer). “Coma: Types, Causes, Treatments, Prognosis”. WebMD, September 14, 2020. https://www.webmd.com/brain/coma-types-causes-treatments-prognosis Last accessed September 22, 2021.
New Haven (Conn.), and Charles J. (Charles Jeremy) Hoadly. Records of the Colony Or Jurisdiction of New Haven, From May, 1653, to the Union. Hartford: Printed by Case, Lockwood and company, 1858. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100768628 Last accessed September 22, 2021.
New Haven Town Records 1649- (Volume 3) online (page 30 of 51). https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/new-haven-conn/new-haven-town-records-1649--volume-3-hwe/page-30-new-haven-town-records-1649--volume-3-hwe.shtml Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Queensland Brain Institute. The University of Queensland, Australia. “Where are memories stored in the brain?”. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/memory/where-are-memories-stored#:~:text=The%20hippocampus%2C%20located%20in%20the,and%20indexed%20for%20later%20access. Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Society for Neuroscience. "The genetic signature of memory: Unique memory genes are expressed in different areas of the brain." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 December 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209131945.htm Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Treffert, Darold. “Genetic Memory: How We Know Things We Never Learned”. Scientic American, Guest Blog, January 28, 2015. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/genetic-memory-how-we-know-things-we-never-learned/ Last accessed September 22, 2021.
Hobbadehoy Rising
Each of the three settings within the novel—Lower Manhattan, rural northern Ohio, and Cleveland—demanded significant research in order to give a fair replication of life in 1854. Again, as a work of fiction, the characters are made up. However, the society and the issues therein with which they wrestle—abolitionism, disease, post-mortem photography, the moral/ethical dilemma of cadaver dissection, abject poverty, bias, and racism—laid heavy in the most divided period in American history.
Print Sources:
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld. New York: Vintage Books, 1927.
Boulard, Garry. The Expatriation of Franklin Pierce: The of a President and the Civil War. Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse, 2006.
Grimes, William. Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. New York: North Point Press, 2009.
Reef, Catherine. Alone in the World: Orphans and Orphanages in America. NewYork: Clarion Books, 2005.
Ritter, Luke (2012) "“Anatomy, Grave-Robbing, and Spiritualism in Antebellum St. Louis”," The Confluence (2009-2020): Vol. 3: Iss. 2, Article 4
Internet Sources:
Abbott, Karen. “The Life and Crimes of ‘Old Mother’ Mandelbaum.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 6 Sept. 2011, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-life-and-crimes-of-old-mother-mandelbaum-71693582/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Andrews, Evan. “7 Infamous Gangs of New York - History.” History, 3 Sept. 2018, https://www.history.com/news/7-infamous-gangs-of-new-york. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Ann, Stephanie. “Civil War Bread Recipe.” World Turn’d Upside Down, September 20, 2011, https://www.worldturndupsidedown.com/2011/09/civil-war-bread-recipe.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Annals of Cleveland,1818-1935: Volume 36, 1853. p. 514. “Fugitive Slaves.” Digital Case. Case Western Reserve University Special Collections. https://digital.case.edu/islandora/object/ksl%3Aunkcle22. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
pp. 538-539. “Temperance.”
Annals of Cleveland,1818-1935: Volume 37, 1854, p.249. “Photography,” Digital Case. Case Western Reserve University Special Collections. https://digital.case.edu/islandora/object/ksl%3Aunkcle23. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
pp. 415-417. “Streets.”
pp. 409-413. “Fugitive Slaves”
Annals of Cleveland,1818-1935: Volume 38, 1855. p.186. “Food and Drink.” Digital Case. Case Western Reserve University Special Collections. https://digital.case.edu/islandora/object/ksl%3Aunkcle24. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
pp. 274-277. “Medical Profession.”
p. 510. “Saloons.”
pp. 607-611.“Streets.”
pp. 602-603. “Temperance.”
Annual report of the Children’s Aid Society no. 1-10, 1854-1863. p. 211, Hathitrust Digital Library. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000022208408&view=page&seq=211&skin=2021. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
p. 212. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000022208408&view=page&seq=212&skin=2021. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
p. 617. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000022208408&view=page&seq=617&skin=2021&q1=617. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Artificial Illumination-Burning Fluids.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 2 Jan. 1858, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-illuminationburning-flui/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Beard, Robert. “Historical Dictionary of American Slang.” alphaDictionary.com, https://www.alphadictionary.com/slang/?term=&beginEra=1850. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Bicker, Josh. “Ether in Surgery.” Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. December 18, 2020, https://histmed.collegeofphysicians.org/ether-in-surgery/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Bowery Boys, et al. “Beware the Forty Thieves, Very First Gang of New York.” The Bowery Boys: New York City History, Bowery Boys, 25 Mar. 2009, https://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2009/03/beware-40-thieves-very-first-gang-of.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Callahan, Nelson and Hickey, William. Irish Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland, Cleveland Ethnic Heritage Studies, Cleveland State University. Pressbooks. Chapter 3 “Settling in Cleveland”, https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/irish-americans-and-their-communities-of-cleveland/chapter/chapter-3-settling-in-cleveland/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Campbell, Crispin. “History of Blacks in Photography Brought to Light,” The Washington Post, July 28 16, 1983, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/02/16/h istory-of-blacks-in-photography-brought-to-light/a7523765-7e57-4709-8e58-930c8dab2bcf/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Charleston, Libby-Jane. “The Terror of the 19th century operating table: No drugs and patients were fully awake.” Libby-Jane Charleston Medium. September 12, 2019, https://libbyjanecharleston.medium.com/the-terror-of-the-19th-century-operating-table-no-drugs-and-patients-were-fully-awake-feeac99753d9. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Clin, J.. “Medical Symbols in Practice: Myths vs Reality.” National Library of Medicine/National Center for Biotechnology Information. August 20, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4190767/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Cosner, Victoria and Shannon, Lorelei. Missouri’s Mad Doctor McDowell: Confederates, Cadavers, and Macabre Medicine. E-book, Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2015.
Crain, Caleb. “What was the New York shilling?” Steamthing.com, July 28, 2023. https://steamthing.com/2020/02/what-was-the-new-york-shilling.html#:~:text=But%20the%20emerging%20consensus%20seems,(or%20Latin%20American)%20real. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Dickens, Charles. “Dickens’ Description of the Five Points.” Teach US History.org. https://www.teachushistory.org/node/384. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
1812Blockhouse. “Mansfield On The Map: The Railroads Arrive.” May 24, 2021. https://1812blockhouse.com/history-tourism/mansfield-on-the-map-the-railroads-arrive/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
1870 Catalogue of Goods. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/1870CatalogueofGoods.pdf. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Edwards, Linden F. “Body Snatching in Ohio During the Nineteenth Century.” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, April 15, 1950. Ohio History Journal (archives). https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=76&ipp=20&searchterm=Array&vol=59&pages=329-351. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Ellington, Katie. “Richland County has a rich history with the Underground Railroad.” Richland Source. March 2, 2020. https://www.richlandsource.com/open_source/open-source-richland-county-has-a-rich-history-with-the-underground-railroad/article_d6a0a5ea-5746-11ea-adc1-43d2c0d1b5a2.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. “Cleveland: An Historical Overview.” Case Western Reserve University. https://case.edu/ech/cleveland-historical-overview. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Cuyahoga River.” https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cuyahoga-Hisriver#:~:text=The%20CUYAHOGA%20RIVER%20divides%20the,east%20of%”. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Flats.” https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/flats. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. From Plantation to Ghetto (1976). “Black Laws.” https://case.edu/ech/articles/b/black-laws#:~:text=The%20BLACK%20LAWS%20were%20a,repealed%20before%20the%20Civil%20War. Last accessed July 28 12, 2023.
Sibley, Willis E. “Streets.” https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/streets. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Epsom and Ewell History Explorer. “Early Photography.” https://eehe.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EarlyPhotographyV2.pdf . Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Gilfoyle, Timothy J. “Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes: Child Pickpockets and Street Culture in New York City, 1850-1900.” Journal of Social History, vol. 37, no. 4, 2004, pp. 853–82. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3790070. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Gray, Christopher. “Under Hoof, Foot and Tire.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 18 Apr. 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/realestate/under-hoof-foot-and-tire.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Hays, JES. “The General Store.” The General Store, 5 Aug. 2012, http://backinmytime.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-general-store.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
History of Crawford County (Ohio). 1912, Chicago: Richmond-Arnold Publishing Company. Chapter XXXI, “Underground Railroad.” Ohio Genealogy Express http://www.ohiogenealogyexpress.com/crawford/crawfordco_hist_1912/crawfordco_hist_1912_chptxxxi_undergroundrr.htm. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Hunsinger Jr., Lou. “Lycoming Remembers Muncy Abolition Riot.” (Williamsport (Pa.) Gazette), Hands On Heritage, https://handsonheritage.com/lycoming-remembers-muncy-abolition-riot-2/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Kimball, Herrick. “Making Apple CiderIn the Old Days.” Making Apple CiderIn The Old Days, 7 Nov. 2005, http://thedeliberateagrarian.blogspot.com/2005/11/making-apple-cider-in-old-days.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Little, Becky. “Photos After Death: Post-Mortem Portraits Preserved Dead Family.” History, October 23, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/post-mortem-photos-history. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
McCafferty, Bernie. “The Irish in 1850 Cleveland: An Historical GIS Approach to Ethnic Studies.” Carroll Collected. Masters Essays from John Carroll University. Spring, 2017. https://collected.jcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=mastersessays. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
McKee, Timothy Brian. “Underground Railroad in Shelby: unscheduled cargo in Shelby.” Richland Source. January 21, 2017. https://www.richlandsource.com/area_history/underground-railroad-1854-unscheduled-.cargo-in-shelby/article_3f993de4-dd8a-11e6-8043-1f7332f4dd48.html. Last accessed February 15, 2023.
“The view over downtown Mansfield through history.” Richland Source. May 7, 2016. https://www.richlandsource.com/area_history/the-view-over-downtown-mansfield-through-history/article_1ced8394-12e8-11e6-aadc-e3d1960c34a5.html. Last accessed February 15, 2023.
McLean, David G.. “Photographic Images.” Real or Repro by the Ruby Lane Group, https://www.realorrepro.com/article/Photographic--Images. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Maryland Mapping & Graphics Inc., “Map of the Five Points Neighborhood, 1855-67,” SHEC: Resources for Teachers. https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/832. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Mattison, Ben. “The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait: The Private Portrait.” http://www.americandaguerreotypes.com/ch2.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait: The Mourning Portrait.” http://www.americandaguerreotypes.com/ch3.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Men's Clothing at 1860.” Men's Clothing from 1860, Memorial Hall Museum's American Centuries, http://americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1860_man.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Mershon, Peggy. “The ‘orphan train’ came through Mansfield.” Mansfield News Journal. April 26, 2015. https://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/story/news/history/2015/04/26/orphan-train-came-mansfield/26414195/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Muskin, Adena. “Union Depot,” Cleveland Historical, https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/335?tour=19&index=5. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Ogden, Phillippa. “Post-Mortem Photography: An Understanding of How It Started.” The Collector, May 15, 2020, https://www.thecollector.com/post-mortem-photography/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Oliver, Mark. “The Real Gangs of New York: When the Dead Rabbits and Bowery Boys Ruled Five Points.” All That's Interesting, 20 July 2020, https://allthatsinteresting.com/five-points-gangs-bowery-boys. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Oregon State University Libraries. “Early Photographic Formats and Processesin the Special Collections and Archives Research Center.” (Ambrotypes). August 12, 2022, https://guides.library.oregonstate.edu/earlyphotoformats/ambrotypes. Last accessed July 28 4, 2023.
Osborn, Catherine. “Grave Robbing for ‘The Benefit of the Living’.” Detrick Medical History Center, Case-Western Reserve University. October 26, 2017, https://artsci.case.edu/dittrick/2014/10/17/grave-robbing-for-the-benefit-of-the-living/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“A Grave Matter Legislating Dissection.” Detrick Medical History Center, Case-Western Reserve University. October 26, 2017, https://artsci.case.edu/dittrick/2014/10/27/a-grave-matter-legislating-dissection/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Peirce, Bradford Kinney. (1869) A Half-Century with Juvenile Delinquents: Or, The New York House of Refuge and Its Times. Reprint/E-book Miami, Fla.: HardPress, 2017.
“A Rag-Picker's Harsh Life on Mulberry Street.” Ephemeral New York, 29 Sept. 2011, https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2011/09/29/a-rag-pickers-harsh-life-on-mulberry-street/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. 1862/1863.” HathiTrust, University of Missouri Libraries, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076044463&view=page&seq=350. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Richland Shield and Banner, “Letter to the Editor.” July 12, 1854, p. 3. Mansfield/Richland County Public Library/Community History Archive. https://mrcpl.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&by=1854&bdd=1850&d=01011800-12311926&fn=richland_shield_and_banner_usa_ohio_mansfield_18540712_english_3&df=1&dt=10&cid=2798. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Cholera.” July 26, 1854, p. 4. https://mrcpl.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011854-12311857&e=a%20model%20baby&m=between&ord=e1&fn=richland_shield_and_banner_usa_ohio_mansfield_18540726_english_4&df=1&dt=1&cid=2798. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“The Know Nothings Reviving the Alien and Sedition Laws.” January 3, 1855, p. 2. https://mrcpl.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&by=1855&bdd=1850&d=01011855-12311855&e=the%20know%20nothings%20reviving&m=between&ord=e1&fn=richland_shield_and_banner_usa_ohio_mansfield_18550131_english_2&df=1&dt=1&cid=2798. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Mansfield Clothing Emporium” (ad). August 29, 1855, p. 4. https://mrcpl.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011854-12311860&e=mansfield%20clothing%20emporium&m=between&ord=e1&fn=richland_shield_and_banner_usa_ohio_mansfield_18550829_english_4&df=1&dt=1&cid=2798. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Know-Nothingism.” August 29, 1855, p. 1. https://mrcpl.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&d=01011852-12311860&e=know%20nothing&m=between&ord=e1&fn=richland_shield_and_banner_usa_ohio_mansfield_18550829_english_1&df=1&dt=10&cid=2798. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Roche, Carley. “Labor on the Waterfront.” South Street Seaport Museum, South Street Seaport Museum, 17 Mar. 2021, https://southstreetseaportmuseum.org/labor-on-the-waterfront/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Roos, Dave. “Meet Hell-Cat Maggie, the Mythical Dame of the Dead Rabbits Gang.” HowStuffWorks, 16 Oct. 2019, https://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/hell-cat-maggie-dead-rabbits-gang.htm. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Sanders, C.A. “The Rogue’s Lexicon: NYC Slang in the 1850’s.” CASanders.net, https://casanders.net/new-york-city-history/the-rogues-lexicon-nyc-slang-in-the-1850s/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Simkin, David. “The Daguerreotype Process.” Sussex Photo History, May 25, 2018, https://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dagprocess.htm. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Sinha, Manisha. “The Untold History beneath '12 Years' .” New York Daily News, 9 Jan. 2019, https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/untold-history-beneath-12-years-article-1.1706946. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Storino, Pascal, Jr. “What's the Deal with: The History of the Use of Whistles by NYC's Police.” The History of Policing in the City of New York, 20 Sept. 2016, https://nypdhistory.com/whats-the-deal-with-the-history-of-the-use-of-whistles-by-nycs-police/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Sugden, Andy and Haines, Kelly. “Why They Called Cleveland Station Hope.” News 5 Cleveland, July 28 28, 2020, https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/black-history-month/why-they-called-cleveland-station-hope#:~:text=Northeast%20Ohio%20was%20home%20to,last%20stop%20before%20reaching%20freedom. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Sullivan, B.. “Daguerreotype or Ambrotype?,” James Madison Museum of Orange County History, January 17, 2021, https://www.thejamesmadisonmuseum.net/single-post/2020/04/08/daguerreotype-or-ambrotype. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“A Tale of the Tombs.” The Tombs, The New York Correction History Society, https://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/nycdoc/html/histry3a.html. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Taylor, David. “Broadway: The 13-Mile Street That Charts The Delirious Story of America.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 1 June 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/01/broadway-new-york-book-times-square-delirious-street-tour. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“The History of U.S. Circulating Coins.” United States Mint, April 22, 2021. https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/us-circulating-coins#:~:text=(See%20Symbols%20on%20Our%20Coins,finally%2C%20the%20dollar%20in%201971. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“United States Commercial Register, Containing Sketches of the Lives of Distinguished Merchants, Manufacturers, and Artisans, with an Advertising Directory ...” HathiTrust, University of Missouri Libraries, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d03155054i&view=page&seq=179. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Waud, A. R. “Busy Wharf Scene at the South Street Seaport - NYC in 1850A.” History 101 NYC, Fine Print New York, https://www.history101.nyc/busy-wharf-scene-at-south-street-seaport-1850. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Wells, Jonathan Daniel. “The So-Called 'Kidnapping Club' Featured Cops Selling Free Black New Yorkers into Slavery.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 14 Oct. 2020, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/so-called-kidnapping-club-featured-new-york-cops-selling-free-blacks-slavery-180976055/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Wells, Karlynn. “Cleveland Known as ‘Station Hope’ a Harbor for Freedom Seekers.” Spectrum News 1, July 28 22, 2021, https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cleveland/news/2021/02/22/cleveland-s-connection-to-the-underground-railroad. Last accessed July 28 4 . Last accessed July 28, 2023.
West, Nancy. “Pictures of Death: Postmortem Photography.” The Atlantic, July 17. 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/07/pictures-of-death/534060/. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“The ‘Whale Oil Myth.’” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 21 Aug. 2008, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/this-post-is-hopelessly-long-w. Last accessed July 28, 2023.
“Where the Money Went …in 1860.” (Blog) Portable Press, October 12, 2016. https://www.portablepress.com/blog/2016/10/where-the-money-wentin-1860/#:~:text=Butter%3A%2016%20cents%20a%20pound,to%20roast%20and%20grind%20yourself). Last accessed July 28, 2023.
Wickens, Joseph. “St. John's Episcopal Church,” Cleveland Historical. https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/652 . , Last accessed July 28 , 2023.